{"id":6487,"date":"2026-05-30T03:50:21","date_gmt":"2026-05-30T00:50:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/jrn.isi.gov.ua\/?page_id=6487"},"modified":"2026-06-01T15:46:57","modified_gmt":"2026-06-01T12:46:57","slug":"doi-10-52150-2522-9117-2026-40-023","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/jrn.isi.gov.ua\/?page_id=6487&lang=en","title":{"rendered":"DOI: 10.52150\/2522-9117-2026-40-023"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

I. O. Manachyn<\/strong>1,*<\/sup>, Ph. D. (Tech.), Associate Professor, Senior Researcher, ORCID 0000-0001-9795-6751
V. P. Petrusha<\/strong>1<\/sup>, Junior Researcher, ORCID 0000-0002-1031-3241
O. L. Rudenko<\/strong>1<\/sup>,<\/strong> Ph. D. (Tech.), Senior Research, ORCID 0000-0001-6068-9901
V. V. Chuhui<\/strong>1<\/sup>, Leading Engineer
S. O. Pochytaiev<\/strong>1<\/sup>, 1st<\/sup> Category Engineer
D. V. Yeskov<\/strong>2<\/sup>,<\/strong> Ph. D. Student, ORCID 0009-0001-3286-9291<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1<\/sup> Iron and steel institute of Z.I. Nekrasov of National academy of science of Ukraine<\/em>
2 <\/sup>Dnipro State Technical University<\/em>
* <\/sup>Corresponding author: imanachyn@gmail.com<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE EFFICIENCY OF PIG IRON LADLE DESULFURIZATION PROCESSES USING GRANULAR MAGNESIUM<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Abstract.<\/strong> Off-furnace desulfurization of hot metal has become a necessary and reliable link between blast furnace and steelmaking operations in the production of high-quality metal products. The efficiency of sulfur removal from hot metal determines the overall quality of the desulfurization process, ensuring thorough and effective sulfur elimination from the melt. Magnesium, due to its unique interaction properties with molten iron, has become the most widely used reagent in off-furnace desulfurization practices. A comprehensive and well-rounded approach to evaluating and selecting the appropriate desulfurization technology is justified. The paper presents actual data on co-injection technologies using lime and magnesium (CaO + Mg), as well as mono-injection of granular magnesium based on a Ukrainian injection technology implemented at various metallurgical plants. It is shown that one of the key parameters is reagent consumption, which determines all major characteristics of the process. A comparative analysis of various technological indicators for different magnesium injection methods into molten iron has been conducted. The lowest specific reagent consumption is observed with mono-injection of magnesium, which results in the lowest costs during industrial implementation. Industrial data show that mono-injection of granular magnesium is characterized by: the lowest reagent consumption \u2013 on average 0.42\u20130.55 kg per ton of hot metal, the shortest desulfurization duration \u2013 on average 5.5\u20137.7 minutes, ultra-deep desulfurization levels \u2013 down to 0.0003\u20130.001% sulfur, desulfurization efficiency \u2013 up to 99%, high sulfur removal rate \u2013 averaging 12\u201314.4% per minute, high reagent utilization rate \u2013 averaging 75\u201392%. It is concluded that mono-injection of granular magnesium is the most promising and cost-effective off-furnace desulfurization process, outperforming other desulfurization technologies across multiple performance indicators.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Key words: <\/strong>ladle desulfurization of pig iron, powdered lime, granular magnesium, reagent consumption, desulfurization efficiency.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

For citation:<\/strong> Manachyn, I. O., Petrusha, V. P., Rudenko, O. L., Chuhui, V. V., Pochytaiev, S.O. & Yeskov, D. V. (2026). \u0421omparative analysis of the efficiency of pig iron ladle desulfurization processes using granular magnesium. Fundamental and applied problems of ferrous metallurgy<\/em>, 40, 364-374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.52150\/2522-9117-2026-40-023<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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8.  Lindstr\u00f6m, D., Nortier, P., & Sichen, D. (2014). Functions of Mg and Mg\u2013CaO Mixtures in Hot Metal Desulfurization. Steel Research International<\/em>, 85(1), 76\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/srin.201300071<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

9.  Shevchenko, A. F., Manachin, I. A., Vergun, A. S., Dvoskin, B. V., Kislyakov, V. G., Shevchenko, S. A., Ostapenko, A. V. (2017). Out-of-furnace desulphurisation of cast iron in ladles. Technology, research, analysis, improvement<\/em>. Dnipro-VAL. ISBN 978-966-8704-75-8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

10. Rudenko, A. L. (2014). The analysis of patterns of interphase sulfur distribution in the injection treatment of iron with magnesium. Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy, 57(8), 13-18. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17073\/0368-0797-2014-8-13-18<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

11.  Rudenko, A. L. (2016). Kinetics of interfacial transition of sulfur during ladle refining of iron by magnesium. Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy<\/em>, 59(12), 896-902<\/p>\n\n\n\n

12.  Schrama, F. N. H., Beunder, E. M., Van den Berg, B., Yang, Y., & Boom, R. (2017). Sulphur removal in ironmaking and oxygen steelmaking. Ironmaking & Steelmaking<\/em>, 44(5), 333\u2013343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/03019233.2017.1303914<\/p>\n\n\n\n

13.  Zborshchik, A. M., Kuberskii, S. V., Dovgalyuk, G. Ya. & Vinnik, K. V. (2011). Effectiveness of fluidized lime in the desulfurization of hot metal in 300-t casting ladles. Steel Transl<\/em>., 41, 741\u2013744. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3103\/S096709121109021X<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

14. Zborshchik, A. M., Kuberskii, S. V., Dovgalyuk, G. Y. & Belomerya, V. N.  The Efficiency of Using Fluidized Lime for Desulfurization of Iron in 300-Ton Charging Ladles. Scientific papers of Donetsk National Technical University. Series: Metallurgy, 13(194), 53-60. https:\/\/ea.donntu.edu.ua:8080\/jspui\/handle\/123456789\/14635<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0420\u0443\u043a\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441 \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0456\u0439\u0448\u043e\u0432 \u0434\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0456\u0457 \/ Received 18.01.2026<\/em>
\u0420\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e \u0434\u043e \u0434\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0443 \/ Accepted 28.05.2026<\/em>
\u041e\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0456\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e \/ Published 30.05.2026<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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I. O. Manachyn1,*, Ph. D. (Tech.), Associate Professor, Senior Researcher, ORCID 0000-0001-9795-6751V. P. Petrusha1, Junior Researcher, ORCID 0000-0002-1031-3241O. L. Rudenko1, Ph. D. (Tech.), Senior Research, ORCID 0000-0001-6068-9901V. V. Chuhui1, Leading EngineerS. O. Pochytaiev1, 1st Category EngineerD. V. Yeskov2, Ph. D. Student, ORCID 0009-0001-3286-9291 1 Iron and steel institute of Z.I. Nekrasov of National academy of science […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-6487","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/jrn.isi.gov.ua\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/6487","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/jrn.isi.gov.ua\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/jrn.isi.gov.ua\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jrn.isi.gov.ua\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jrn.isi.gov.ua\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=6487"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/jrn.isi.gov.ua\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/6487\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6937,"href":"https:\/\/jrn.isi.gov.ua\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/6487\/revisions\/6937"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/jrn.isi.gov.ua\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=6487"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}