DOI: 10.52150/2522-9117-2024-38-656-671
Povorotnia Iryna Romanivna, Ph. D. (Tech.), Researcher, Iron and Steel Institute of Z. I. Nekrasov National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Academican Starodubova Square, 1, Dnipro, 49107, Ukraine. ORCID: 0000-0001-5872-7403
Safronova Olena Anatoliivna, Junior Researcher, Ph. D. Student, Iron and Steel Institute of Z. I. Nekrasov National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Academican Starodubova Square, 1, Dnipro, 49107, Ukraine. ORCID: 0000-0002-4032-4275. E-mail: safronovaaa77@gmail.com
Podolsky Rostyslav Viacheslavovych, Ph. D. (Tech.), Researcher, Iron and Steel Institute of Z. I. Nekrasov National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Academican Starodubova Square, 1, Dnipro, 49107, Ukraine. ORCID: 0000-0002-0288-0641. E-mail: rostislavpodolskij@gmail.com
Oliinyk Eduard Vadymovych, Ph. D. Student, Iron and Steel Institute of Z. I. Nekrasov National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Academican Starodubova Square, 1, Dnipro, 49107, Ukraine. ORCID: 0000-0002-3366-3746. Email: ediknsk@gmail.com
INFLUENCE OF CHEMICAL COMPOSITION ON THE PHASE STRUCTURE AND HARDNESS OF CARBON STEEL FOR RAILWAY AXLES AFTER DEFORMATION AND HEAT TREATMENT
Abstract. Given the considerable number of complex approaches using information technologies to justify the choice of the content of chemical elements in steel and the limitations inherent in them, the use of the concept of directional chemical bonding is proposed, which ensures high predictive accuracy and obtaining the necessary properties at the level demanded by the consumer. The paper analyzes the requirements of regulatory documentation regarding the chemical composition, namely the content of the main components such as carbon, manganese and silicon, in steel for railway axles of grades EA1N, F and OC. Information technologies were applied using the concept of directed interatomic interaction, when the criteria are complex and characterize the entire composition simultaneously, and linear patterns of the influence of the integral indicator of the chemical composition on hardness were obtained. The purpose of the study is to establish the patterns of the influence of chemical composition on the formation and transformation of the phase structure and hardness after deformation and thermal annealing of carbon steel for railway axles The object of research was laboratory ingots of carbon steels, which are comparable in chemical composition to steels for railway axles in accordance with state, European and American standards. The samples made from them were subjected to hot plastic deformation (HPD) followed by heat treatment (HPD+HT). A microstructural analysis of the studied steels was carried out. The regularities of the influence of chemical composition on the phase ratio and hardness of the studied steels in different states were revealed: as-cast, after HPD and HPD+HT using the concept of directional chemical bonding. It was established that for an integral parameter of the charge state (ZY) less than 1.20 e, that is, for a certain chemical composition in the studied interval of values, the hardness of steel in the state after GPA exceeds the hardness of such steel in the state after HPD+HT.
Key words: railway axles, national standard, chemical composition, mechanical properties, microstructure.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.52150/2522-9117-2024-38-656-671
For citation: Povorotnia, I. R., Safronova, O. A., Podolsky, R. V., & Oliinyk, E. V. (2024). Influence of chemical composition on the phase structure and hardness of carbon steel for railway axles after deformation and heat treatment. Fundamental and applied problems of ferrous metallurgy, 38, 656-671. https://doi.org/10.52150/2522-9117-2024-38-656-671
References
- Novosad, M., Fajkoš, R., Řeha, B. & Řezníček, R. (2010) Fatigue tests of railway axles. Procedia Engineering, 2(1), 2259-2268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2010.03.242
- AAR M-101-2017 (Asotsiatsiia amerykanskykh zaliznyts). Osi z termoobroblenoi ta netermoobroblenoi vuhletsevoi stali. (Association of American Railroads). Heat-treated and non-heat-treated carbon steel axles]. Axles, carbon steel, heat-treated. 2017-02-01, 20.
- IRS: R 16-95, IRS-R-16-95 (Indiiskyi zaliznychnyi standart). Stalevi osi dlia pasazhyrskykh ta vantazhnykh vahoniv [Indian Railway Standard]. Steel axles for passenger and freight wagons]. 2012-04-03, 23.
- DSTU HOST 31334-2007 (Mizhderzhavnyi standart). Osi dlia rukhomoho skladu zaliznyts kolii 1520 mm. Tekhnichni umovy [DSTU GOST 31334-2007 (Interstate standard). Axles for railway rolling stock with a gauge of 1520 mm. Technical conditions] Axles for rolling stock of 1520 mm gauge railways. Specification. 2008-07-01, 23.
- DSTU HOST 4728:2014 (HOST 4728-2010, IDT) (Natsionalnyi standart Ukrainy). Zahotivky osovi dlia zaliznychnoho rukhomoho skladu. Tekhnichni umovy [DSTU GOST 4728:2014 (GOST 4728-2010, IDT) (National Standard of Ukraine). Axle blanks for railway rolling stock. Technical conditions] Axle billets for railway rolling stock. Specifications. 2015-02-01, 18.
- Kerivnyi dokument (KD) 32.144-2000. Kontrol neruinivnyi pryimalnyi. Kolesa tsilokatani, bandazhi ta osi kolisnykh par rukhomoho skladu. Tekhnichni vymohy.[Guidance document (CD) 32.144-2000. Non-destructive acceptance testing. Solid wheels, tires and axles of rolling stock wheelsets. Technical requirements.] 2008-01-10, 15.
- ISO 1005/3-1982 (E) (Mizhnarodnyi standart). (ISO 1005-3:1982). Materialy dlia rukhomoho zaliznychnoho skladu. Chastyna 3. Osi dlia tiahovoho ta prychipnoho rukhomoho skladu. Vymohy do yakosti [Railway rolling stock material. Part 3: Axles for tractive and trailing stock. Quality requirements.] 1982-04-01, 10.
- ST RK YSO 1005/9-2007 (Hosudarstvennii standart Reuspublyky Kazakhstan). Podvyzhnoi sostav zheleznykh doroh chast 9: Osy dlia tiahovykh y prytsepnykh vahonov. Trebovanyia k razmeram / Railway rolling stock material. Part 9: Axles for tractive and trailing stock. Dimensional requirements. 2007-09-14, 33.
- ISO 5948:2018(E) (Mizhnarodnyi standart). Rukhomyi sklad zaliznyts. Ultrazvukovi pryimalni vyprobuvannia [ISO: 5948:2018 (E) (International Standard). Railway rolling stock material. Ultrasonic acceptance testing.] 2018-12-01, 11.
- UIC 811-1(E) (Mizhnarodnyi zaliznychnyi yevropeiskyi soiuz). Tekhnichni umovy postachannia osei dlia zaliznychnoho rukhomoho skladu. [(International Standard) Technical specification for the supply of axles for tractive and trailing stock.] 1987-01-01, 50.
- BS 5892-1:1992+A3:2009, BS 5892 (Brytanskyi standart). Chastyna 1. 1983. Material dlia rukhomoho zaliznychnoho skladu. Osi dlia tiahovoho ta rukhomoho skladu [(British Standard) Railway rolling stock materials. Specification for axles for traction and trailing stock]. 2009-11-30, 26.
- TTS 093 (Turetskyi standart). Tekhnichni umovy na osi. [(Turkish Standard). Technical conditions on the axle.] 2012, 12.
- PN71/K-91046 (Polska versiia PN-K-91046:1971, zaminenyi PN-K-91046:1993). Zaliznychnyi rukhomyi sklad [(Polish version PN-K-91046:1971, replaced by PN-K-91046:1993). Railway rolling stock] Standard gauge rolling stock. 1993, 49.
- UNI 6551-69 (Italiiska versiia UNI 6551:1969). Kovani normalizovani osi z lehovanoi stali dlia kolisnykh par zaliznychnoho transportu. Yakist, vymohy ta vyprobuvannia [(Italian version UNI 6551:1969) Forged, special alloyed steel normalized axles for wheel sets of railway vehicles. Quality, requirements and tests] 1969-10-31, 30.
- EN 13261:2020 + A1:2010 (E) (Ievropeiskyi standart. Anhliiska versiia). Reikovyi transport. Kolisni pary ta vizky. Osi. Vymohy do vyrobu [(European standard. English version). Railway applications. Wheelsets and bogies. Axles. Product requirements.] 2010-10-01, 55 .
- Togobitska, D. & Belkova, A. (2024) New approach to evaluating the thermodynamic consistency of melts in the “Metal-Slag” system based on interatomic interaction parameters. Lithuanian Journal of Physics. 64(1), 58-71. https://doi.org/10.3952/physics.2024.64.1.6
- Povorotnia, I. R., Podolskyi, R. V., Safronova, O. A. & Oliinyk, E.V. (2023) Analysis of the influence of the content and ratio of chemical elements on the phase composition and hardness of carbon steels of different compositions. Fundamental and applied problems of ferrous metallurgy. 37, 476-489. https://doi.org/10.52150/2522-9117-2023-37-476-489
