DOI: 10.52150/2522-9117-2024-38-542-565

Babachenko Oleksandr Ivanovych, Corresponding Member of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, D. Sc. (Tech.), Senior Researcher, Director, Iron and Steel Institute of Z. I. Nekrasov National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Academican Starodubova Square, 1, Dnipro, 49107, Ukraine. ORCID: 0000-0003-4710-0343. E-mail: office.isi@nas.gov.ua

Liubeka Ihor Mykhailovych, Ph. D. Student, Iron and Steel Institute of Z. I. Nekrasov National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Academican Starodubova Square, 1, Dnipro, 49107, Ukraine.
Head of Production Department, LLC “Crys-Teh”, Kalynova St., 12, office 7, Dnipro, 49051, Ukraine.
ORCID: 0009-0005-2440-5496

Kononenko Ganna Andriivna, D. Sc. (Tech.), Senior Researcher, Iron and Steel Institute of Z. I. Nekrasov National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Academican Starodubova Square, 1, Dnipro, 49107, Ukraine.
LLC “Additive laser technology of Ukraine”, Serhiy Podolynskyi St., 31 b, Dnipro, Ukraine.
National Technical University “Dnipro Polytechnic”, Dmytra Yavornytskoho Ave., 19, Dnipro, 49005, Ukraine.
ORCID: 0000-0001-7446-4105. E-mail: perlit@ua.fm

Podolsky Rostyslav Viacheslavovych, Ph. D., Researcher, Iron and Steel Institute of Z. I. Nekrasov National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Academican Starodubova Square, 1, Dnipro, 49107, Ukraine.
LLC “Additive laser technology of Ukraine”, Serhiy Podolynskyi St., 31 b, Dnipro, Ukraine.
ORCID: 0000-0002-0288-0641. E-mail: rostislavpodolskij@gmail.com

Safronova Olena Anatoliivna, Junior Researcher, Ph. D. Student, Iron and Steel Institute of Z. I. Nekrasov National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Academican Starodubova Square, 1, Dnipro, 49107, Ukraine. ORCID: 0000-0002-4032-4275. E-mail: safronovaaa77@gmail.com

Agarkov Kostiantyn Volodymyrovych, Head of Production Department, LLC “Crys-Teh”, Kalynova St., 12, office 7, Dnipro, 49051, Ukraine. ORCID: 0009-0005-2440-5496

OBTAINING TeO₂ SINGLE CRYSTAL FOR ACOUSTO-OPTIC APPLICATIONS: RAW MATERIALS, GROWTH PROCESS, AND PROPERTIES. (REVIEW)

Abstract. TeO₂ crystals, widely recognized for their exceptional acousto-optic and optical properties, are essential materials in modern spectroscopic, telecommunications, and defense technologies. This review highlights the key aspects of TeO₂ crystal research, including raw material preparation, growth methods, and characterization of their properties. Currently, researchers are focused on two major directions: enhancing the efficiency of existing growth techniques and addressing the challenges posed by scaling up the size of high-quality crystals. TeO₂ crystal growth methods, such as the Czochralski, Bridgman, and hydrothermal processes, face significant challenges, including sensitivity to thermal gradients and the need for high-purity raw materials. The presence of impurities, such as Fe and Pt, strongly influences the optical and structural quality of the crystals. Additionally, the formation of defects, such as bubbles and inclusions, remains a critical issue. This review emphasizes the importance of developing new furnace designs, optimizing thermal conditions, and implementing innovative growth strategies to achieve high-quality crystals suitable for industrial applications. The scalability of TeO₂ crystals remains a key challenge that demands further exploration, particularly for their use in large-scale acousto-optic devices.

Key words: acousto-optics, single crystals, tellurium dioxide, crystal growth, Czochralski Method.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.52150/2522-9117-2024-38-542-565

For citation: Babachenko, O. I., Liubeka, I. M., Kononenko, G. A., Podolskyi, R. V., Safronova, O. A. & Agarkov K. V. (2024). Obtaining TeO₂ single crystal for acousto-optic applications: raw materials, growth process, and properties. (Review). Fundamental and applied problems of ferrous metallurgy, 38, 542-565. https://doi.org/10.52150/2522-9117-2024-38-542-565

Reference

1. Hurina, H. I. (2019). Khalkoheny ta yikhni pokhidni [Chalcogens and their origins]. KhNUMG im. O. M. Beketova
2. Goldfarb, R. J., Berger, B. R., George, M.W. & Seal, II R. R. (2017). Tellurium: Chapter R of Critical Mineral Resources of the Unites States‐ Econmonic and Environmental Geology and Prospects for Future Supply. Reston, Va: USGS, 1-40. https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1802R
3. Tellurium. Supply and Applications,February 2019, Conference: SME Annual Meeting At: Denver, Colorado. URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330986012_Tellurium_Supply_and_Applications
4. Pei, J., Cai, B., Zhuang, H.-L. & Li, J.-F. (2020). Bi₂Te₃-based applied thermoelectric materials: research advances and new challenges. Natl Sci Rev., 7(12), 1856. https://doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwaa259
5. Bibin, J. & Varadharajaperumal, S. (2023). Comprehensive Review on CdTe Crystals: Growth, Properties, and Photovoltaic Application. The Physics of Metals and Metallography, 124, 1795–1812. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0031918X2110094X
6. Photon-counting CT – Siemens Healthineers. Siemens Healthineers | Corporate Home. URL: https://www.siemens-healthineers.com/computed-tomography/ct-technologies-and-innovations/photon-counting-ct
7. Thomas, P. A. (1988). Solid State Physics The crystal structure and absolute optical chirality of paratellurite, α-TeO₂C. Journal of Physics, 21, 4611. https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3719/21/25/009
8. Beyer, H. (1967). Refinement of the Crystal Structure of Tellurite, the Orthorhombic TeO2 Z. Kristallogr., 124, 228–237
9. Blanchandin, S., Marchet, P., Thomas, P., Champarnaud-Mesjard, J. C., Frit, B. & Chagraoui, A. (1999). New investigations within the TeO₂-WO₃ system: phase equilibrium diagram and glass crystallization. Journal of Materials Science, 34, 4285–4292. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1004667223028
10. Champarnaud-Mesjard, C., Blanchandin, S., Thomas, P., Mirgorodsky, A. P., Merle-Mejean, T. & Frit, B. (2000). Crystal structure, Raman spectrum and lattice dynamics of a new metastable form of tellurium dioxide: γ-TeO2. Journal of physics and chemistry of solids, 61, 1499
11. Beaudrya, J.-N., Greniera, S., Amratea, S., Mazzerab, M. & Zappettini, A. (2012). Synthesis of high purity, stoichiometric controlled, TeO₂ powders.  Materials Chemistry and Physics, 133, 804–807. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2012.01.097
12. Arnaboldia, C., Brofferio, C. & Bryant, A. and others. (2010). Production of high purity TeO₂ single crystals for the study of neutrinoless double beta decay. Journal of Crystal Growth. 312(20), 2999-3008. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2010.06.034
13. Arlt, G. & Schweppe, H. (1968). Paratellurite, a new piezoelectric maternal. Solid State Communications, 6(11), 783–784
14. Liebertz, J. (1969). Einkristallzüchtung von Paratellurit (TeO₂). Kristall Und Technik, 4(2), 221–225
15. Miyazawa, S. & Iwasaki, H. (1970). Single Crystal Growth of Paratellurite TeO₂. Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, 9(5), 441–445.
16. Miyazawa, S. & Kondo, S. (1973). Preparation of paratellurite TеO₂. Mat. Res. Bull. 8, 1215-1222
17. Miyazawa, S. (1980). Fluid-flow effect on gas-bubble entrapment in czochralski-grown oxide crystals. Journal of Crystal Growth, 49, 515–521
18. Otsi, L., Hartmann, E. & Vajna, B. (1985). The growth of TeO₂ crystals from the boiling solution. Acta Physica Hungarica, 57(3-4), 295-301
19. Han, L., Liu, C., Wang, X., Li, F., Fan, C. & Zhang, J. (2024). Low-temperature aqueous solution growth of the acousto-optic TeO₂ single crystals. Mater. Adv., 5, 3022-3028. https://doi.org/10.1039/D4MA00058G
20. Bonner, W. A., Singh, S., Van Uitert, L. G. & Warner, A. W. (1972). High quality tellurium dioxide for acousto-optic and non-linear applications. Journal of Electronic Materials, 1, 154–164. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02660359
21. Uchida, N. & Ohmachi, Y. (1969). Elastic and Photoelastic Properties of TeO₂ Single Crysta. Journal of Applied Physics, 40, 4692-4695
22. Veber, P., Mangin, J., Strimer, P., Delarue, P., Josse, C. & Saviot, L. (2004). Bridgman growth of paratellurite single crystals.  Journal of Crystal Growth, 270, 77–84
23. Chu, Y., Li, Y., Ge, Z., Wu, G. & Wang, H. (2006). Growth of the high quality and large size paratellurite single crystals. Journal of Crystal Growth, 295, 158–161
24. Kokh, A. E., Shevchenko, V. S., Vlezko, V. A. & Kokh, K. A. (2013). Growth of TeO₂ single crystals by the low temperature gradient Czochralski method with nonuniform heating. Journal of Crystal Growth, 384, 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2013.08.027
25. Dovhyi, Ya. O., Kost, Ya. P., Mankovska, I. H. & Solskyi, I. M. (2007). Otsinka shyryny hiroaktyvnoi eksytonnoi zony krystala TeO₂ [Estimation of the width of the gyroactive exciton zone of the crystal TeO₂]. Physics and chemistry of solids, 8(3), 481-485
26. Uchino, T. & Yoko, T. J. (1996). Ab initio cluster model calculations on the vibrational frequencies of TeO₂ glass. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, 204(3), 243-252
27. Ozer, Z., Mamedov, A. M. & Ozbay, E. (2016). BaTiO₃ and TeO₂ based gyroscopes for guidance systems: FEM analysis. Ferroelectrics, 497(1), 15-23. https://doi.org/10.1080/00150193.2016.1160726
28. Uchida, N. (1971). Optical Properties of Single-Crystal Paratellurite (TeO₂). Phys. Rev. B 4, 3736
29. Pilgun, Yu. V. & Smirnov, Ye. M. (2010). Broadband acoustooptic diffraction of two-wavelength light in paratellurite. Ukr. J. Phys. Opt., 11, 28-43
30. Dovhyj, Ya. O., Kost, Ya. P. & Man’kovska, I. G. (2008). Oscillator-oscillator interactions and the parameters of spatial dispersion in α-TeO₂ and α-SiO₂. Ukr. J. Phys., 53(1), 69-73
31. TeO₂ material properties. Products. URL: http://crys-teh.com/Products/ (date of access: 03.12.2024)