DOI: 10.52150/2522-9117-2026-40-028
D. O. Stepanenko1, Ph.D. (Tech.), Senior Researcher, ORCID 0000-0001-5913-2284
O. M. Grishin1 D. Sc. (Tech.), Senior Researcher, ORCID 0009-0000-0665-1179
O. V. Kuksa1, Ph. D. (Tech.), Researcher, ORCID 0000-0002-6268-0692
L. O. Lisova1, Ph. D. (Tech.), Senior Researcher, ORСID 0000-0001-6298-9115
I. R. Povorotnia1,*, Ph. D. (Tech.), Senior Researcher, ORСID 0000-0001-5872-7403
1 Iron and Steel Institute of Z. I. Nekrasov National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
* Corresponding author: iro4ka01091990@gmail.com
THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL JUSTIFICATION OF THE SOLID-PHASE REDUCTION OF CHROMIUM AND IRON FROM THEIR OXIDES
Abstract. Obtaining high-quality steel grades amid growing shortages of mineral and energy resources poses an important challenge for the metallurgical industry: improving existing technologies and developing new ones for producing alloying materials using substandard ores and waste. Solid-phase reduction (SPR) technology is a promising approach that enables sponge ligatures to be obtained from complex charges at temperatures below their melting points. This reduces energy costs and ensures a lower content of harmful elements in the metal, particularly sulfur and, under certain conditions, phosphorus. The technological features of SPR distinguish it from traditional ferroalloy production processes. This work uses an approach to the thermodynamic study of the Cr-O-C system that reflects the prevailing direction of the solid-phase reduction mechanism of chromium oxide by carbon. In this case, the process mainly occurs in the vapor-gas phase, with the gas phase (CO-CO2) playing a decisive role in connecting the solid reagents.It has been found that further decarburization of products from the solid-phase co-reduction of chromium and iron is possible through additional thermochemical treatment of the reduction product. The reduction of carbon by treating the sponge ligature with a gas mixture of H2 – H2O or Ar – H2O at a temperature of 1273 – 1373 K and H2O concentration of 1 – 2% for 25 – 40 minutes has been scientifically substantiated and experimentally confirmed.
Keywords: solid-phase reduction, carbothermic reduction, carbide formation, chromium oxide, chromium carbide, physicochemical properties, Gibbs energy.
For citation: Stepanenko, D. O., Grishin, O. M., Kuksa, O. V., Lisova, L. O., & Povorotnia, I. R. (2026). Theoretical and experimental substitution of solid-phase reduction of chrome and zatiz from their oxides. Fundamental and applied problems of ferrous metallurgy, 40, 465-483. https://doi.org/10.52150/2522-9117-2026-40-028
References
1. Simonov, V. K., Zolotareva, V. V., & Vlasenko, V. N. (1998). O mehanizme tverdofaznogo vosstanovleniya Cr2O3 uglerodom. Theory and Practice of Metallurgy, (2), 17-20
2. Grishin, O. M. (2022). Fiziko-himichni osnovi otrimannya Fe-Cr gubchatih ligatur. Zhurfond
3. Popov, A. A., Ostrik, P. N., & Gasik, M. M. (1986). Termodinamika vosstanovleniya i karbidoobrazovaniya v sisteme Cr-O-C. Iz.VUZov, Chernaya metallurgiya, (10), 1-3
4. Ostrik, P. N., Gasik, M. M., & Pirog, V. D.(1992). Metallurgiya gubchatyh i poroshkovyh ligatur. Tehnika
5. Turkdogan, E. T. (1985). Fizicheskaya himiya vysokotemperaturnyh processov. Metallurgiya
6. Morris, A. E., Geiger, G., & Fine, H. A. (2010). Handbook on Material and Energy Balance Calculations in Metallurgical Processes. Hardcover: Wiley Wiley
7. Popov, A. A., Ostrik, P. N., & Gasik, M. M. T. (1987). ermodinamika vosstanovleniya i karbidoobrazovaniya v sisteme Fe-Cr-O-C. Izvestiya vuzov, Chernaya metallurgiya, (4), 1-4
8. Razrabotka tehnologicheskih osnov energosberegayushego processa polucheniya hromistyh ligatur v tv. sostoyanii s ispolzovaniem tehnogennyh othodov prom. predpriyatij Ukrainy. Otchet po NIR. Dnepropetrovsk, GMetAU. 1996. 34s.
9. Bratberg J., & Frisk K. (2004). An experimental and theoretical analysis of the phase equilibria in the Fe-Cr-V-C system. Met. and Mat. Trans. 35A(12), 3649-3663
10. Andersson, J.-O. (1988). A Thermodynamic Evaluation of the Fe-Cr-C System. Metallurg. Trans. A., 19A(3), 627-636
11. Pahlman, J. C. (1985). Direct Method to Prepare Low Carbon Ferrochrome. Physical Chemistry of Extraction Metallurgy: Proc. Conference, New York, USA, 24-28 Feb. 1985, Metal Abstract, 06-42-0071
12. Vlasyuk, R. Z., Dejmovich, V. B., Mamonova, I. A. et al. (1981). Rastvorenie karbida Cr3C2 v zheleznoj matrice. Poroshkovaya metallurgiya, (10), 26-30
13. Kolnesa, M., Pirsoa, J., Kübarseppa, J., Viljusb, M., & Traksmaab, R. Structure formation and characteristics of chromium carbide–iron–titanium cermets. Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences. 2016 Vol. 65. №2. Р. 138-143. https://doi.org/10.3176/proc.2016.2.09
14. Gasik, M. I., Lyakishev, N. P., & Emlin, B. I. (1988). Teoriya i tehnologiya proizvodstva ferrosplavov. Metallurgiya
15. Tapasa, K., Barashev, A. V., & Bacon, D. J. (2007). Computer simulation of the interaction of carbon atoms with self-interstitial clusters in a-iron. Journal of Nuclear Material, 361(1), 52-61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2006.10.022
16. Gasik, M., Dashevskii, V., & Bizhanov, A. (2020). Ferroalloys: Topics in Mining. Springer Cham
17. Grishin, A. M., Simonov, V. K., & Vlasenko, V. N. (2011). Issledovanie kinetiki i mehanizma tverdofaznogo vosstanovleniya Cr2O3 s primeneniem intensificiruyushih vozdejstvij. Theory and Practice of Metallurgy, (3-4), 114-118
18. Simonov, V. K., Grishin, A. M. (2013). Thermodynamic Analysis and the Mechanism of the Solid-Phase Reduction of Cr2O3 with Carbon. Russian metallurgy (Metally). Theory of metallurgical Processes, (6), 425-434
19. Grishin, A. M., Simonov, V. K., & Sheglova, I. S. (2014). O nesootvetstvii kineticheskih zakonomernostej termodinamicheskim predposylkam reakcij gazifikacii ugleroda N2O i SO2. Izvestiya vuzov. Chernaya metallurgiya, (7), 64-67.
20. Ohotskij, V. B., Kostolov, O. L., Simonov, et al. (1997). Teoriya metalurgijnih procesiv. IZMN
Рукопис надійшов до редакції / Received 25.02.2026
Рекомендовано до друку / Accepted 28.05.2026
Опубліковано / Published 30.05.2026
